In many cases, a basement is part of a building’s foundation. The foundation includes all components that transfer loads (weight) to the subsoil. This includes concrete slabs, walls, or piles, depending on soil conditions and construction method. The interaction between the basement, foundation, and subsoil largely determines the risk of settlement, cracking, or leakage.
When the Basement is Part of the Foundation
Why do tensions and damage occur in buildings with a basement and shallow foundation?
- A shallow foundation means the building rests directly on the ground, usually at a shallow depth of less than one meter.
- Basements are constructed deeper than the rest of the building, often several meters below ground.
- Due to these depth differences, the basement usually settles less or differently than the rest of the building. This is because the basement sits deeper in the ground and is therefore more stable.
- This difference in settlement causes structural tensions, which can lead to cracks or leakage.
In short, the difference in depth between the basement and the rest of the building causes uneven settlement, which can lead to tensions and ultimately damage.
This risk increases with fluctuating groundwater levels or when the subsoil consists of weak or organic materials, such as peat. In such cases, despite its more stable position, the basement can still suffer damage due to the uneven movements of the surrounding foundation.
When the Basement is not Part of the Foundation
In other cases, a basement is not or only partially part of the foundation. For instance, if a building is supported by piles and the basement essentially hangs beneath it – then the basement sits in a different soil layer and receives less support. When the soil beneath the basement settles or compacts, it can separate from the building. This not only leads to structural damage but almost always results in leakage: the basement essentially “tears away” from the rest of the building.
The Effect of Subsoil on Settlement
In the Netherlands, continuous soil subsidence occurs, caused by factors including groundwater level changes, soil compaction, and oxidation of organic soils such as peat. Organic material literally disappears from the soil when exposed to oxygen, reducing its bearing capacity. This primarily occurs above the groundwater level, where soil dries out and shrinks.
Each soil type has its own characteristics and risks. With uneven foundation – for example, when one part rests on shallow foundation and another on piles – different parts of the building settle unevenly. This inequality leads to damage. When such damage occurs in a basement, where groundwater is often present, it quickly leads to leakage in practice.